Despite the clinical improvements achieved by CFTR modulators in people with at least one F508del mutation (Middleton et al., 2019), chronic pulmonary infections with the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) will continue to determine disease progression in untreated or unresponsive CF (Koch, 2002; Emerson et al., 2002). This evidence concerns the gene CFTR and cystic fibrosis.