APOL1 and kidney disorder: Indeed, Madhavan et al. reported that APOL1 colocalizes with vesicle soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment proteins receptor vesicle-associated membrane protein, yet G1-/G2-APOL1 fails to bind to vesicle-associated membrane protein, possibly leading to kidney disease.23 Hence, although translationally relevant data have been reported, many key cellular mechanisms of APOL1-FSGS remain nebulous.