Specifically, both tumor cells and stromal fibroblasts (CAFs and NFs) could secrete TGF-β1; however, TGF-β1 secreted by the stromal fibroblasts was significantly higher than tumor cells (Fig. 2E), suggesting that TGF-β1 in the TME is mainly secreted by stromal fibroblasts. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.