Growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, including TGF-β, PGE2, IL-6, and CCL5 which are also released from Hp-AGR, potentially modulate the polarization of monocytes mainly towards M2 macrophages that not only provide immunosuppression, but further contribute to promotion of tissue remodeling and angiogenesis, additionally secreting cytokines and growth factors that in turn promote both tumor growth and progression of the tumor, and reciprocally influence fibroblasts and stem/progenitor cells [423–425]. Here, HP is linked to neoplasm.