CCL2 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Elevated levels of IL8 have been linked to poor prognosis in patients suffering from HNSCC by activating signalling downstream RAS/MAPK and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) [77, 78], and release of MCP1 supports the recruitment of monocytes and tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) [74, 79].