For chemokines and their receptors analyzed (CCL11, CCL5, CCL7, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CXCR3), the findings were not significant in our study; however, most of the chemokine transcripts were downregulated in active TB compared to controls, which shows that essential chemokine responses to establish protective immunity were also diminished or absent in the early phase of TB infection. The gene discussed is CCR4; the disease is tuberculosis.