Many of the proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF, IL-β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-23, IL-32, IFN and GM-CSF, that are highly expressed in RA are known to be regulated by JAK/STAT signaling pathway (50, 52). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.