We identified elevated levels of TNF-α in MB (363.2 ± 105.6 pg/ml) than PB patients (300.7 ± 79.1 pg/ml; p = 0.03) and HHCs (296.1 ± 60.2 pg/ml; p = 0.01; Supplementary Figure 2A), while a comparison of all leprosy patients showed higher but no-significant levels of TNF-α than control patients (334.5 ± 98.6 pg/ml; p = 0.08). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and leprosy.