MTOR and cancer: EpCAM was closely associated with various vital signaling pathways as Wnt, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/SMAD, EpEX/EGFR, and PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) which regulate cancer cell adhesion, proliferation, invasion, and survival (Liu Y. et al., 2022).