- Improve glucose tolerance: ↓glycemia, insulinemia, and HOMA-IR index; ↑glucokinase and pyruvate kinase enzymes activities, ↑hepatic glycogen in T2DM rats; ↓PEPCK and G6P activities, ↓hepatic gluconeogenesis;- Improve oxidative stress and inflammation: ↓ROS production and MDA levels, ↑GSH activity; ↓ Il-1b, Il-6 hepatic mRNA; ↓TNF expression; - hIR attenuation through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway: ↑p-IRS-2, p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-GSK3β, and GLUT2. Here, AKT1 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.