INS and Insulin resistance: Insulin signaling pathways, mediated by impaired tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS), are critical for the development of insulin resistance (IR) (Gurzov et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2017; Yan et al., 2018; Joseph et al., 2020; Mu et al., 2020; Abdelmageed et al., 2021) because this change in cell signaling results in detrimental effects on insulin sensitivity due to impairment on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in hepatocytes.