- Improve glucose tolerance and homeostasis: ↓fasting glycemia and insulinemia, ↓ HOMA-IR and HOMA-β in T2DM rats; - Improve hepatic function: ↑p-AKT (Ser473) protein levels, ↑IRS1, ↑PI3K-p85 subunit, ↑Akt2 mRNA expression; - Mitigate hepatic lipid peroxidation: ↑ GSH and SOD activities; - Improve hIR and vascular oxidative status: ↑IRS1/PI3K/AKT2 and ↓AGE-RAGE-NOX4 pathways. The gene discussed is NOX4; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.