They observed that T2DM rats had an increase in ER chaperones Bip, protein disulfide isomerase, and ER stress-associated proapoptotic markers [C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), Caspase12, and Caspase3] in the liver, an increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in antioxidant levels. This evidence concerns the gene DDIT3 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.