AKT1 and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: Icariin has been shown to inhibit NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways by inhibiting the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, upregulating the expression of Caspas3 protein, and downregulating the expression of p-p65 and p-AKT, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells and inducing apoptosis (Sun and Zhang, 2021).