GNAS and urinary bladder carcinoma: GSP has various biological activities and has been proven to have good anti-tumor effects, as well as certain inhibitory effects on cervical cancer (Li et al., 2022a), carcinoma of the urinary bladder (Yang et al., 2021a), lung cancer (Xu et al., 2021a; Zhang et al., 2021; Mao et al., 2023), colon cancer (Aiello et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019), liver cancer (Feng et al., 2019), prostate cancer (Chen and Yu, 2019), among others.