CASP3 and glioblastoma: In GBM, PTE can induce the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Gao et al., 2021) and activate the FAS/FASL pathway and caspase-3, thereby inhibiting proliferation and inducing GBM cell apoptosis (Tan et al., 2019; Gao et al., 2021).