The association between VM vessels and the non-NE marker REST was corroborated in 5 SCLC patient biopsy samples (clinical characteristics summarized in Supplementary Table 4) stained with human anti-CD31, human anti-REST and PAS (Fig. 2F), in which 73.5% of VM vessels co-localized with REST-positive nuclei (Fig. 2G and F yellow arrows). Here, PECAM1 is linked to small cell lung carcinoma.