VDR and left ventricular hypertrophy: For vitamin D supplementation, we found a marginal protective association between randomized treatment with Vitamin D and progression of LVH on ECG at 2 years, as Cornell voltage increased in both treatment arms, but to a significantly lesser extent in those treated with Vitamin D. These findings are consistent with experimental studies demonstrating direct antihypertrophic actions of the Vitamin D receptor signaling system in cardiomyocytes34 and prevention of left ventricular hypertrophy by vitamin D analogs independent of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats35.