PRNP and cancer: More recently, to further investigate how PrPC modulates melanoma biology, the same group reported that pro-PrP promotes cancer cell migration and invasion in in vitro and in vivo models, binding two partners known for their involvement in tumor metastasis, namely, Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and E3 ligase c-Cbl, and promoting autophagy, which is discussed later [62].