CD4 and neoplasm: In the in situ carcinoma mouse models, intratracheal perfusion of V. parvula promoted Ki67 expression in tumor lesions (p = 0.0092) and reduced peripheral and tumor-associated CD3+ and CD4+ T-lymphocyte infiltration (p < 0.05) but did not affect CD8+ T-lymphocyte expression (Fig. 3A, B).