In agreement with this, the three key proteins essential for GS adenylylation and deadenylylation cycle - adenylyltransferase (ATase;glnE), bifunctional uridylyltransferase/uridylyl-removing enzyme (UTase/UR;glnD) and the signal transduction protein pII36 are also absent in the malaria parasite17. This evidence concerns the gene PPAT and malaria.