C9 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: These data suggest distinct NPS-related directionality in correlations between gene expression and pathological features such as TDP-43 aggregation and glial activation (Fig. 2C), in line with our observation that C9-ALS-FTSD cases with a predominance of NPS1 gene expression tended to have higher glial TDP-43 aggregation burden (Fig. 1D).