CHEK2 and breast carcinoma: A large, international, case–control study of the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC; ref. 7) identified rare CHEK2 missense variants (i.e., variants with a population frequency of <0.001) in 2.0% patients with breast cancer and 1.4% controls, indicating slightly increased association with breast cancer for missense variants as a group (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.31–1.57).