For instance, one study using pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (iPSC-ECs) from healthy individuals and patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) showed differential susceptibility of PAH group to e-cig bubbling and demonstrated pharmacologic induction of autophagy via direct inhibition of mTORC1 and indirect activation of mTORC2 with rapamycin reversing the e-cig-induced downstream effects on endothelial dysfunction and AKT3 signaling (Liu et al., 2023). The gene discussed is AKT3; the disease is endothelial dysfunction.