TNF and COVID-19: A variety of cytokines, including Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), CXC chemokine ligand-10 (CXCL 10), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), C-reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin were found to be markedly increased in COVID-19 patients, especially in those who were severely ill (15, 16).