PTGER2 and endometriosis: Moreover, TNFα and IL-1β activate the NK-κB signaling pathway [80], which in turn controls the expression of cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, as well as ICAM-1 [81,82] able to boost inflammation and COX-2 expression in endometriosis implants.