DFFA and cancer: After treatment of the cancer cells with 50 μg mL−1 with the saponins, the expression of 10 pro-apoptotic genes (BAX, BID, HRK, TP53, PMAIP1, DFFA, CASP3, CASP 9, TNFRSF10A, and TNFRSF10B) increased (Figure 5) and that of 4 anti-apoptotic genes (BCL2L10, TNFRSF10C, TNFR2, and TRAF7) decreased (Figure 6).