TGFB1 and cancer: A new PPI network (p < 1.0 × 10−16) was established for the 20 DEGs involved in the immune response underpinning the complicated anti-inflammatory mechanism of rice biopeptides (Table 1), including antigen processing and presentation, the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, the TGF–β signaling pathway, the NF-κB signaling pathway, and the other cancer-related signaling pathways (Figure 5B).