Some examples of IBD-associated genes that affect cell apoptosis and apical junction function, which are essential for the integrity of the epithelial barrier, include C1orf106, RNF186, DUSP16 (polygenic IBD) and ALPI, GUCY2C and TTC7A (monogenic IBD) [112,113,115,116]. This evidence concerns the gene DUSP16 and inflammatory bowel disease.