TNF and chronic hepatitis: Apoptosis, Cell cycle, PI3K-Akt, TNF, JAK-STAT, MAPK, Chemokine, NF-kappa B, and TGF-β signaling pathways were the major pathways modulated by HBV, which were also targeted by alcohol and LPS with significant gene counts and FDR scores, since alcohol is used to investigate chronic hepatitis and LPS is used to examine acute hepatitis.