TNF-α is a potent NF-kB signaling activator; during HBV infection, it increases HBx intracellular concentration by enhancing its stability and is essential for the onset and progression of HCC [247], whereas in alcohol-induced hepatitis, alcohol increases hepatocytes’ susceptibility to TNF-α-induced apoptosis. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.