RAF1 and pituitary gland adenoma: Taken together, although the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways play a pivotal role in the complex signaling network along with many interactions, further research is urgently needed to clarify the exact functions and the underlying mechanisms of these signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas and its role in invasiveness and aggressive clinical outcomes.