VEGFA and neoplasm: This includes Treg cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, type 2 macrophages, IL10, TGF-ß, VEGF, 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), arginase-1, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as well as the overexpression of pro-survival proteins and inefficient presentation of tumor-associated antigens [318].