LRRK2 and Parkinson disease: Recently, we have demonstrated that ROT, a widely used neurotoxin to model PD [16,25], induces a significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2, triggers the phosphorylation of LRRK2 (at residue Ser935) and c-JUN (at residue Ser63/Ser73), enhances the expression of the proteins TP53 and p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), produces cleaved caspase 3 (CC3), induces DNA fragmentation, and decreases mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in nerve-like cells (NLCs) compared to untreated cells [26].