In addition, although AD hallmarks could not differentiate between the MCI and the NIC cohorts at this stage, all CNS inflammatory biomarkers, such as the astrogliosis and neuronal damage (GFAP and NFL) were increased in the CSF of the MCI cohort, including significantly for OPN and YKL-40, confirming published results [23,26,28,31,50,51]. Here, SPP1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.