CCL5 and viral infectious disease: Additional studies on cytokines and chemokines have shown an augmentation of IL-2 (which stimulates the growth of helper, cytotoxic and regulatory T cells), IL-17 (which is associated with inflammation and autoimmunity), interferon (IFN)-γ (which is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral infections), CCL3 and CCL5 in the early phase of LC [25,178,220,223,224].