PDCD1 and lung carcinoma: The immune checkpoint blockade adopted in the glioma therapeutics model follows treatment paradigms for melanoma, lung cancer, colon cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma; the therapies used to treat these tumors tend to block programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), a protein known for attenuating the host immune response to tumor cells, or cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), a molecule that inhibits T-cell activation [355,356,357,358].