IFNG and influenza: Cytokine profiles in various respiratory syndromes were similar, indicating common pathogenesis: SARS revealed elevated concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12; transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β); interferon gamma (IFN-γ); IFN-γ inducible monokine (MIG); IL-8; MERS—IFN-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8; and influenza H1N1—IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-17, and IL-15, and with influenza H1N5, there were increased levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and MIG [8].