REN and chronic kidney disease: The pathophysiological mechanisms that link chronic kidney disease with uremic cardiomyopathy include increased pre-load mediated by volume overload and anaemia and increased afterload due to arteriosclerosis and hypertension, as well as a wide range of biochemical factors, including chronic kidney disease bone and mineral disorder, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone and sympathetic nervous system overactivity, transforming growth-β, uremic toxins and endogenous cardiotonic steroids [1,2,3,4].