TGFB1 and cancer: The TME encompasses the surrounding stromal cells, including tumor-infiltrating immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), adipose cells, blood endothelial cells, and pericytes as well as the extracellular matrix (ECM), the basement membrane (BM), and cancer-cell secreted growth factors and cytokines such as IL-6 and TGF-β [57].