When activated, these CAFs release (1) pro-inflammatory compounds including TGF-β, IL-1β, and prostaglandin E2 that reinforce production by the tumor cells themselves; (2) ECM-remodeling factors including MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, and MMP9; and (3) growth factors including EGF, PDGF-B, and angiogenic factors, such as VEGF-A and VEGF-C [7]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and neoplasm.