MAPK8 and colitis: The mechanism of CGA in alleviating ulcerative colitis involves the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, as it decreases the expression of ERK1/2, p-ERK, p38, p-p38, JNK, and p-JNK proteins, ultimately inhibiting DSS-induced colitis, oxidative stress, and apoptosis [72].