ATM and Alzheimer disease: By considering both biological and mathematical models, the fact that the ZOPRA treatment did not fully correct the molecular AD phenotype with all four molecular endpoints tested (micronuclei, γH2AX, pATM and MRE11) may be supported by the high concentration of ATM proteins cumulated in the close vicinity of the nucleus that did not help the statins and bisphosphonates to diffuse in the nucleus.