ACE and heart failure: These included vital signs on presentation (blood pressure and temperature), patient characteristics (gender, previous diagnoses of ischemic heart disease or heart failure, hypertension, stroke, kidney failure, liver or lung disease or diabetes) or chronic medications (beta, angiotensin receptor or calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, diuretics, alpha blockers or agonists, antiplatelets and anticoagulants).