We do this performing behavioral-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-immunohistochemical studies in several models of PD including a transgenic TNWT-61 mouse model overproducing human alpha-synuclein in the brain76,77, a toxic methamphetamine model showing massive loss of TH-stained cells in the striatum78 or a rotenone model that follows Braak staging with alpha-synuclein spreading from gut to the brain via the vagal dorsal motor nucleus (DMN)79. Here, SNCA is linked to Parkinson disease.