Engagements of TLR3/TLR4 can induce the activation of NF-κB through the TRAF6-TAB2 signaling axis (Fig. 8, left) and autophagy through the TRAF6-BECN1 signaling axis (Fig. 8, right), eventually facilitating lung cancer progression [13, 43–45]. This evidence concerns the gene TRAF6 and lung cancer.