An improved understanding of the levels and spatial relationship of EVs (e.g., suppressive PD-L1+CD63+ EVs vs. PD-L1−CD63+ EVs) to the tumour, immune, and stromal cells in the TME may pave the way for combining an EV secretion inhibitor and anti-PD-L1 therapy to improve anti-tumour response in all BC patient subgroups. The gene discussed is CD63; the disease is breast cancer.