TNF and neoplasm: However, as reported by Sisirak and partners, tumor-infiltrating pDCs in patients with breast and ovarian cancer are associated with poor outcomes (43, 44), and this may be linked to tumor cell-derived cytokines such as TGF-β and TNF-α, which limit the ability of pDCs to produce IFN-I and induce them to be tolerogenic (45, 46).