INS and diabetes mellitus: In diabetes treatments, the mechanism of action of MSCs could be related to their ability to reside in pancreas and/or promoting repair by producing trophic factors including the growth factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and anti-oxidants (Chen et al., 2008; Karp and Leng Teo, 2009), all of which may exert anti-diabetic effects by modulating the immune system and by enhancing insulin sensitivity (English et al., 2010; Xie et al., 2016; Yin et al., 2018).