TGFB1 and hydronephrosis: Moreover, urinary TGFβ levels are increased in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (249–251), and changes in these levels over time are associated with similar changes in the grade of hydronephrosis (252, 253), indicating that urine TGFβ can be a useful noninvasive tool for diagnosis of upper urinary tract obstruction in children.