HMGB1 and acute kidney injury: Moreover, the mechanisms of SA-AKI have recently been better elucidated, showing that tissue damage is not merely ascribed to hypoperfusion, but to causes that are more toxic and immunologic in nature, including the presence in the bloodstream of PAMPs [e.g. LPS] and DAMPs [e.g. HMGB-1] able to contribute to organ dysfunction including AKI [7, 14, 15].