Adjustment factors were age, sex, body mass index, history of bleeding, type of AF, systolic blood pressure, severe hepatic disease, hyperuricemia, heart failure and/or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, thromboembolic disease, active cancer, dementia, fall within 1 year, history of catheter ablation, creatinine clearance, digestive diseases, polypharmacy, and use of antiarrhythmic drugs, anti-platelet agents, proton pump inhibitors, P-glycoprotein inhibitors, and anti-hyperlipidemia drugs. Here, ABCB1 is linked to heart failure.