GFAP and Brain atrophy: Astrocytes play supportive roles in central nervous system (CNS) functions, such as neurotransmitter homeostasis and synapse development.[22] Some CNS diseases can induce two different reactive astrocyte states, A1 and A2.[23] A1 reactive astrocytes amplify inflammatory responses and produce neurotoxicity effects, which is involved in brain atrophy.[24] The purity of the primary cultured astrocytes isolated from the neonatal rat cortex was confirmed to be satisfactory for use in our study using GFAP staining (Figure S1A, Supporting Information).