TGFB1 and cancer: Furthermore, in these fibroblast cell types, androgen both positively and negatively regulates a range of paracrine and ECM factors, such as FGFs, TGFB, WNTs, and collagens, in a cell-specific manner, which can influence cancer cells (Tanner et al. 2011, Lai et al. 2012b, Yu et al. 2013, Leach et al. 2015, Leach & Buchanan 2017).