In advanced PCa, a number of studies report an inverse relationship between stromal CAF AR expression and patient outcomes: patients with no or low expression of AR in their cancer-adjacent stroma have worse outcomes compared to those with high levels of stromal AR, including cancer progression and prostate cancer-specific mortality (Mohler et al. 1996, Olapade-Olaopa et al. 1999, Ricciardelli et al. 2005, Li et al. 2008, Wikstrom et al. 2009, Leach et al. 2015, 2017b). This evidence concerns the gene AR and Familial prostate cancer.