In advanced PCa, a number of studies report an inverse relationship between stromal CAF AR expression and patient outcomes: patients with no or low expression of AR in their cancer-adjacent stroma have worse outcomes compared to those with high levels of stromal AR, including cancer progression and prostate cancer-specific mortality (Mohler et al. 1996, Olapade-Olaopa et al. 1999, Ricciardelli et al. 2005, Li et al. 2008, Wikstrom et al. 2009, Leach et al. 2015, 2017b). Here, AR is linked to prostate cancer.