However, in DMD, due to the lack of dystrophin and its associated proteins, the physical connection between the sarcolemma, cytoskeleton, and ECM is lost, causing the sarcolemma to become leaky and highly susceptible to injury (Guiraud et al., 2015; Houang et al., 2018; Duan et al., 2021). The gene discussed is DMD; the disease is Duchenne muscular dystrophy.